Art Deco was a movement in decorative arts that also affected architecture. It derived its name from the World's fair held in Paris in 1925, formally titled the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes, which showcased French luxury goods and reassured the world that Paris remained the international center of style. Art Deco did not originate with the Exposition; it was a major style in Europe from the early 1920s, though it did not catch on in the U.S. until about 1928, when it quickly modulated into the Moderne during the 1930s, the decade with which the concept of Art Deco is most strongly associated today.
Overview
The term Art Deco was coined during the Exposition of 1925 but did not receive wider usage until it was re-evaluated in the 1960s. Its practitioners were not working as a coherent community. It is considered to be eclectic, being influenced by a variety of sources, to name a few:
- Early work from the Wiener Werkstätte; functional industrial design
- "Primitive" arts of Africa, Egypt, or Aztec Mexico
- Léon Bakst's sets and costumes for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes
- Fractionated, crystalline, facetted form of decorative Cubism and Futurism
- Fauve color palette
- Severe forms of Neoclassicism: Boullée, Schinkel
- Everything associated with Jazz, Jazz Age or "jazzy"
- Animal motifs and forms; tropical foliage; ziggurats; crystals; stylized fountain motifs
- Lithe athletic "modern" female forms; flappers' bobbed haircuts
- "Machine age" technology such as the radio and skyscraper.
Corresponding to these influences, the Art Deco is characterised by use of materials such as sharkskin and zebraskin, zigzag and stepped forms, bold and sweeping curves (unlike the sinuous curves of the Art nouveau), chevron patterns, sunburst motif, etc. Some of these motifs were ubiquitous- for example the sunburst motif was used in such varied contexts as a lady's shoe, a radiator grille, the spire of the Chrysler Building.
Art Deco was an opulent style and this opulence is attributed as a reaction to the forced austerity during the years of World War I.
Art Deco was a popular style for interiors of cinema theatres and ocean liners such as the Ile de France and Normandie.
A parallel movement following close behind, the Streamline or Streamline Moderne, was influenced by manufacturing and streamlining techniques arising from science and mass production- shape of bullet, liners, etc., where aerodynamics are involved. Once the Chrysler Air-Flo design of 1933 (date) was successful, "streamlined" forms began to be used even for objects such as pencil sharpeners and refrigerators.
In architecture, this style was characterised by rounded corners, used predominantly for buildings at road junctions.
Some historians see Art Deco as a type of, or early form of, Modernism
Though Art Deco slowly lost patronage in the West, and was cut short by the austerities of World War II, in colonial countries such as India, it became a gateway for Modernism, and continued to be used well after, even in the nineteen sixties.
Noted Art Deco artists and designers
Noted Art Deco architects
Noted Art Deco designs
- The Argyle Hotel in Los Angeles, California
- Empire State Building
- Chrysler Building
- Dallas Fair Park Hall of State
- Golden Gate Bridge
- Fisher Building in Detroit
- Guardian Building in Detroit
- The ocean liners Ile de France , Normandie and RMS Queen Mary
- The Montreal Eaton 9th floor restaurant is a copy of the huge SS Ile de France first class dining room
- Napier, New Zealand - In 1931 the city of Napier was levelled by the Napier earthquake and ensuing fires. The city was rebuilt in the Art Deco style.
- Anzac War Memorial, Sydney built 1929-34 designed C Bruce Dellit (1900-1942), Sculptor: Rayner Hoff.
- Radio City Music Hall
- Université de Montréal central building
- Supreme Court of Canada in Ottawa
- Marine Building in Vancouver
- The East and West Stands at Arsenal Stadium in London
- Eltham Palace extension, south-east London
- The Colleen Moore Dollhouse at the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry
- Boston Avenue Methodist Church in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Designed by Bruce Goff.
- The city hall of Asheville, North Carolina, built 1926 - 28 [1].
- The Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal in Cincinnati, Ohio.
- Waterman Phileas fountain pen
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