Chemistry - Infinite impulse response

Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters (also known as recursive filters) are any signal processing filters which re-use one or more output(s) of the filter as inputs. This feedback results in an unending impulse response characterized by either exponentially growing, decaying, or sinusoidal signal output components. This is in contrast to finite impulse response filters (FIR) which do not make use feedback and thus have fixed-duration impulse responses.

IIR filters may be implemented as either analog or digital filters. The simplest analog IIR filter is an RC filter made up of a single resistor (R) feeding into a node shared with a single capacitor (C). This filter has an exponential impulse response characterized by an RC time constant with the output feedback path implicit in the equations governing the charging up of the capacitor. In digital IIR filters, the output feedback is immediately apparent in the equations defining the output. Note that unlike with FIR filters, in designing IIR filters it is necessary to carefully consider "time zero" case in which the outputs of the filter have not yet been clearly defined.

In practice electrical engineers find IIR filters to be fast and cheap, but with poorer bandpass filtering and stability characteristics than FIR filters.

Example IIR filters include the Chebyshev filter, Butterworth filter, and the Bessel filter .

Contents

Transfer function

In designing IIR filters, engineers often make use of the transfer function:

$H(s) = \frac{Y(s)} {X(s)}$

An IIR filter is typically characterized by its order, which is the number of polynomial terms in the denominator of the transfer function. In digitial filter implementations the order is equivalent to the number of time snapshots of the output which are fed back into the input. In analog implementations the order often refers to the number of capacitors or inductors used in the filter circuit.

An IIR filter having $P$ feed-forward stages ("b(k)" coefficients) and $Q$ feedback ("a(k)" coefficients) stages has the following form:

$y(n) = \left[b(0) x(n) + b(1) x(n-1) + \cdots + b(P) x(n-P)\right] + \left[a(1) y(n-1) + a(2) y(n-2) + \cdots + a(Q) y(n-Q)\right]$

$y(n) = \sum_{k=0}^P b(k)x(n-k) + \sum_{k=1}^Q a(k) y(n-k)$

and after taking the z-transform

$H(z) = \frac{\sum_{k=0}^P b(k) z^{-k}} {1 - \sum_{k=1}^Q a(k) z^{-k}}$

See Z-transform#LCCD equation for more details.

Block diagram

A typical block diagram of an IIR filter looks like the following. The "T" block is a unit delay. The coefficients and number of feedback/feedfoward paths is implementation-dependent.

Stability

From the region of convergence of the Z-transform, the stability of an IIR filter can be evaluated. If all poles are within the unit circle (i.e., $| z p | < 1$ ) then the filter is stable.

By definition of the region of convergence, then if the system is stable then $\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty} |h(k)| < \infty$ will hold true. Otherwise, if the system is unstable then the sum will be $\infty$ .

IIR filters are sometimes preferred over FIR filters because an IIR filter can achieve a much sharper transition region roll-off than an FIR filter of the same order.

Example

Let the transfer function of a filter H be

$H(z) = \frac{A(z)}{B(z)} = \frac{1}{1 - a z^{-1}}$ with ROC

a < | z |

and

0 < a < 1

which has a pole at a, is stable and causal. The time-domain impulse response is

h (n) = a n u (n)

which is non-zero for $n > = 0$ .

External links

The fifth module of the BORES Signal Processing DSP course - Introduction to DSP

Categories: Digital signal processing | Electronic filters