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Qualitative organic analysis
Before the introduction of spectroscopy, the following was the classical general scheme for Qualitative Organic Analysis - the identification of organic compounds.
Introductory
Derivatives
Detection of the Elements
Test for halogens
The alkali-zinc test for nitrogen
Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, and possibly Oxygen and a Metal
Group I - Preliminary examination
Group I - Class I - Metallic salts of Acids and Phenols
Group I - Class IV - Quinones
Group I - Class V - Carboxylic Acids , Acid Anhydrides, easily hydrolysable Esters
Group I - Class VI - Phenols
Group I - Class VII - Esters, Lactones
Group I - Class VIII - Alcohols
Group I - Class IX - Ethers, Cyclic Ethers
Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and possibly Oxygen and a Metal
Group II - Preliminary Examination
Group II - Class I - Ammonium salts, Aldehyde Ammonias
Group II - Class III - Primary Aliphatic Amines etc, Amides including Urea etc etc
Group II - Class IV - Secondary Amines, Primary Aromatic Amines etc
Group II - Class V - [[Nitro-Paraffin]s
Group II - Class VI - Nitroso-Compounds
Group II - Class VII - Tertiary Amines, Heterocyclic Bases
Group II - Class VIII - Alkyl Nitrites, Alkyl Nitrates
Group II - Class IX - Purines
Group II - Class XI - Imides
Group II - Class XII - Substituted Amides
Group II - Class XIII - Aromatic (Tertiary) Nitro-Compounds , Hydrazo-, Azo- and Azoxy-Compounds
Group II - Class XIV - Alkaloids
Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Sulfur and possibly Oxygen and a Metal
Group III - Preliminary Examination
Group III - Class I - Bisulfite Compounds of Aldehydes and Ketones etc
Group III - Class II - Thioalcohols , Thiophenols
Group III - Class III - Thio-Ethers (Sulfides
Group III - Class IV - Alkyl Sulfuric Acids and their salts and esters
Group III - Class V - Alkyl Esters of Sulfonic Acids
Group III - Class VI - Sulfonic and Sulfinic And their salts, Thiophene etc
Group III - Class VII - Thio-acids and Thiol-Acids
Group III - Class VIII - Aryl esters of Sulfonic Acids
Group III - Class IX - Sulfones
Group III - Class X - Xanthates and Di-Alkyl Dithiocarbamates
Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Halogen and possibly Oxygen and a Metal
Group IV - Preliminary Examination
Group IV - Class I - Aliphatic and Aromatic Halogen-Substituted Hydrocarbons
Group IV - Class II - Carboxylic Acid Halides, Alkyl Chloroformates, Aliphatic a-Halogen-Substituted Ethers
Group IV - Class III - Other Aromatic Halogen Compounds
Group IV - Class IV - Other Aliphatic Halogen-Substituted Compounds
Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur and possibly Oxygen and a Metal
Group V - Preliminary Examination
Group V - Class I - Sulfates of Organic Bases etc
Group V - Class II - Ammonium Salts of Sulfonic Acids etc
Group V - Class III - Thiourea, Thioamides etc
Group V - Class V - Salts and Esters of Thiocyanic Acid
Group V - Class VI - Simple Sulfonamides
Group V - Class VII - Aminosulfonic Acids and their Salts
Group V - Class VIII - Nitrosulfonic Acids and their Salts
Group V - Class IX - Substituted Sulfonamides
Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Halogen and possibly Oxygen and a Metal
Group VI - Preliminary Examination
Group VI - Class I - Hydrohalides of Organic Bases etc, etc, Quaternary Ammonium Halides
Group VI - Classes II and III - Ammonium salts and Amides of Halogen-Substituted Acids, Halogen-Substituted Amines, Amides, Nitriles and Nitro-Compounds
Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Sulfur, Halogen and possibly Oxygen and a Metal
Group VII - Preliminary Examination
Group VII - Class I - Bisulfites of Halogen-Substituted Aldehydes and Ketones
Group VII - Class II - Sulfonium Halides
Group VII - Class III - Sulfonyl Halides
Group VII - Class IV - Halogen-Substituted Thiophenols and Mercaptans
Group VII - Class V - Nuclear Halogen-Substituted Sulfonic Acids etc
Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Halogen and possibly Oxygen and a Metal
Group VIII - Preliminary Examination
Group VIII - Class I - Sulfates of Halogen-Substituted Amines
Group VIII - Class II - Ammonium Salts of Halogen-Substituted Sulfonic Acids
Group VIII - Class III - N-Chlorosulfonamides (Chloramines)
Group VIII - Class IV - Acid Chlorides of Nitrosulfonic Acids
Group VIII - Class V - Sulfonyl Derivatives of Halogen-Substituted Amines
Miscellaneous Compounds
Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and possibly Oxygen
Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Arsenic
Classification tests etc. for compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Arsenic
Mixtures of Organic Compounds
NOTE: This stub may be expanded here or in Wikibooks.
Source: A Scheme of Qualitative Organic Analysis F. J. Smith and Emlyn Jones 1948
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